• Franco Ceriati, Giovanni Domenico Tebala, Germano De Cosmo, Carlo Saraceni, Claudio Coco, Francesco Bosco, Luigi Mariani, Emanuela Ceriati, and Antonella Zumbo.
• Department of Surgery, Catholic University, School of Medicine, Rome, Italy.
• Chir Ital. 2003 Jul 1;55(4):481-9.

AbstractThis study was conducted in order to investigate the advantages and limitations of four analgesic modalities: a) epidural morphine; b) intravenous morphine; c) patient controlled intravenous morphine (patient-controlled analgesia); and d) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Eighty patients undergoing major abdominal surgical procedures were prospectively and randomly treated with one of the above-mentioned analgesic methods. Evaluation of pain perception was done using the visual analogue pain score and the simple descriptive scale 4 hours after the procedure, in the early morning on postoperative day 1 and in the afternoon on postoperative days 1, 2 and 3. The need for supplementary analgesia and the onset of complications, if any, were also evaluated for each patient. Patient-controlled intravenous morphine yielded the best analgesic effect over the entire period. Epidural morphine was more effective in the very early postoperative period compared to modalities (b) and (d). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, on the other hand, were more effective on the later postoperative days. None of the patients in group C needed supplementary analgesia, as against 20% in group A, 55% in group B and 40% in group D. Patients with hypochondriasis scores > 70 or depression scores > 70 required supplementation of analgesia more often. Morphine proved to be the drug of choice. Drug titration may be modulated in relation to the psychological characteristics of the patient. The best drug titration modality, in fact, is patient-controlled analgesia.

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