• Liza Smirnoff, Michelle Bravo, and Tayina Hyppolite.
• Department of Neurology - Headache Division, University of Miami Health, University of Miami School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th Street, 13th Floor, Miami, FL, 33136, USA. lxs1704@med.miami.edu.
• Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2025 Jan 7; 29 (1): 1414.

Purpose Of ReviewManagement of primary headache disorders during pregnancy is limited due to known teratogenicity or unknown safety of many currently available pharmaceutical therapies. Here, we explore the safety and efficacy of non-invasive neuromodulatory devices as another treatment modality for pregnant patients.Recent FindingsThere are six FDA-cleared, non-invasive neuromodulatory devices currently available for the management of headache that include remote electrical neuromodulation (REN), noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation (nVNS), external trigeminal nerve stimulation (eTNS), single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (sTMS), and external concurrent occipital and trigeminal neurostimulation (eCOT-NS). Neuromodulatory devices are a safe, effective, and well tolerated non-pharmacological option for migraine and other primary headache disorders. Although evidence of safety and tolerability use in pregnancy is limited, they may serve as a therapeutic alternative or adjunct to improve the care of our pregnant patients.© 2025. The Author(s).

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