• Gennaro De Pascale, Andrea Cortegiani, Matteo Rinaldi, Massimo Antonelli, Sergio Cattaneo, Maurizio Cecconi, Raffaele Cuffaro, Lidia Dalfino, Filomena Di Biase, Abele Donati, Francesca Romana Fasano, Teresa Fasciana, Giuseppe Foti, Antonella Frattari, Roberto Fumagalli, Massimo Girardis, Leonardo Gottin, Alessia Mattei, Marta Milazzo, Giorgia Montrucchio, Daniela Pasero, Fabio Picciafuochi, Emanuela Sensi, Giuseppe Servillo, Maria Alejandra Vidal Pereira, Teresa Spanu, Pierluigi Viale, and INCREASE-IT Study Group.
• Dipartimento di Scienze Biotecnologiche di Base, Cliniche Intensivologiche e Perioperatorie, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
• Crit Care. 2025 Jan 17; 29 (1): 3232.

BackgroundCarbapenem-Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria, including Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and Carbapenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA), are common causes of infections in intensive care units (ICUs) in Italy.ObjectiveThis prospective observational study evaluated the epidemiology, management, microbiological characterization, and outcomes of hospital-acquired CRE or CRPA infections treated in selected ICUs in Italy.MethodsThe study included patients with hospital-acquired infections due to CRE and CRPA treated in 20 ICUs from June 2021 to February 2023. The primary endpoint was the 1-year incidence of CRE/CRPA infections. Secondary endpoints included the rate of CRE/CRPA infections, mortality in ICU, infection outcome, and microbiological characterization.ResultsAmong 13,088 patients admitted over the 12-month study period across each of the 20 ICUs, 283 had CRE infections, and 138 had CRPA infections. The incidence of CRE and CRPA infections was 3.57 per 1000 patient days and 1.74 per 1000 patient days, respectively. The proportion of CRE and CRPA infections over the total number of infections due to Enterobacterales and Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 19.2% and 26.8%, respectively. Among 158 patients included in the full analysis, 98 (62%) had CRE infections and 60 (38%) had CRPA infections. Ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infections were the most common infections, occurring in 53.8 and 34.2% of cases. Empirical therapy targeting gram-negative pathogens resulted inappropriate in 59.2% of analysed patients (77/130). The overall crude mortality in ICU rate was 30.4%, with a higher rate in CRE patients (36.7%) than in CRPA patients (20.0%). Clinical success, including microbiological eradication, was achieved in 50.6% of cases. Klebsiella pneumoniae was observed as the predominant CRE species, and all CRE isolates, including metallo-β-lactamases-producing CRE (MBL-CRE), were susceptible to Aztreonam-Avibactam.ConclusionsThese results highlight the high prevalence of CRE/CRPA infections in Italian ICUs and emphasize the need for enhanced prevention and surveillance strategies.© 2025. The Author(s).

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