• Rafael Moreno-Gómez-Toledano, Irene Méndez-Mesón, Soledad Aguado-Henche, Alba Sebastián-Martín, and Mónica Grande-Alonso.
• Universidad de Alcalá, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Medical and Social Sciences, Area of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Universidad de Alcalá, University Campus - C/ 19 Av de Madrid Km 33 600, 28871, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
• Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2025 Jan 25; 29 (1): 3434.

Purpose Of ReviewLow back pain (LBP) is considered an important issue of public health, with annual prevalence estimations almost achieving 60% of the worldwide population. Available treatments have a limited impact on this condition, although they allow to alleviate pain and recover the patient's quality of life. This review aims to go deeper on the understanding of this condition, providing an updated, brief, and concise whole picture of this common musculoskeletal problem.Recent FindingsScientific literature, current clinical practice and clinical guidelines are summarized, focusing on three key aspects: classification of LBP, diagnosis of symptomatic lumbar hernia, and intervention strategies (conservative, surgical, and pharmacological). Benefits and drawbacks of each approach are tackled. The most appropriate intervention for LBP suffers is hitherto a conservative treatment based on therapeutic exercise, manual therapy and therapeutic education on the neurophysiological mechanisms of pain. Whether patient's condition is severe, does not improve with conservative treatment, or presents neurological symptoms, then surgical intervention is recommended. The efficiency of pharmaceutical approaches for LBP lacks high-quality evidence-based studies, and still needs to be in-depth explored. Current treatments help to improve symptoms and patient's perspectives. However, further research in the field of herniated discs is essential in order to seek a therapy that could definitely cure or eliminate this condition.© 2025. The Author(s).

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