• Changho Han, Yun Jung Jung, Ji Eun Park, Wou Young Chung, and Dukyong Yoon.
• Department of Biomedical Systems Informatics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
• Yonsei Med. J. 2025 Feb 1; 66 (2): 121130121-130.

PurposeEarly identification of patients at risk for acute respiratory failure (ARF) could help clinicians devise preventive strategies. Analyzing biosignals with artificial intelligence (AI) can uncover hidden information and variability within time series. We aimed to develop and validate AI models to predict ARF within 72 h after emergency department admission, primarily using high-resolution biosignals collected within 4 h of arrival.Materials And MethodsOur AI model, built on convolutional recurrent neural networks, combines biosignal feature extraction and sequence modeling. The model was developed and internally validated with data from 5284 admissions [1085 (20.5%) positive for ARF], and externally validated using data from 144 admissions [7 (4.9%) positive for ARF] from another institution. We defined ARF as the application of advanced respiratory support devices.ResultsOur AI model performed well in predicting ARF, achieving area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.840 and 0.743 in internal and external validations, respectively. It outperformed the Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS) and XGBoost models built only with clinical variables. High predictive ability for mortality was observed, with AUROC up to 0.809. A 10% increase in AI prediction scores was associated with 1.44-fold and 1.42-fold increases in ARF risk and mortality risk, respectively, even after adjusting for MEWS and demographic variables.ConclusionOur AI model demonstrates high predictive accuracy and significant associations with clinical outcomes. Our AI model has the potential to promptly aid in triage decisions. Our study shows that using AI to analyze biosignals advances disease detection and prediction.© Copyright: Yonsei University College of Medicine 2025.

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