• Simar S Bajaj, Hanjay Wang, Kiah M Williams, and Jack H Boyd.
• Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
• Ann. Surg. 2025 Jan 31.

ObjectiveTo assess the research productivity, career advancement, grant funding, and scholarly impact of international medical graduates (IMGs) in academic cardiothoracic surgery.Summary Background DataPhysician shortages undermine patient care and risk exacerbating inequities, especially in cardiothoracic surgery, which may lose a quarter of its workforce by 2050-the most substantial reduction in surgery. IMGs could help alleviate these shortages, but there is limited data about their academic experiences.MethodsAll cardiothoracic surgeons (n=1065) at accredited United States cardiothoracic surgery training centers in 2020 were included. IMGs were defined as surgeons who completed medical school outside the US and Canada, per the Association of American Medical Colleges. Educational and professional backgrounds were recorded from publicly available sources.Results24.0% of academic cardiothoracic surgeons were IMGs. These surgeons started as attendings in later years (2012 vs. 2005, P<0.001) than non-IMGs. In unadjusted analyses, IMGs had lower publication counts and H-index, as well as reduced likelihood of R01 funding and full professor attainment. To match for attending start year, propensity score analysis created two groups of 254 surgeons: both IMGs and non-IMGs had similar publication counts (45.0 vs. 45.0, P=0.98), H-index (10.5 vs. 11.0, P=0.61), R01 funding rates (4.3% vs. 5.1%, P=0.83), and full professor attainment (24.8% vs. 20.5%, P=0.45).ConclusionsIMGs represent a more junior cohort of surgeons but contribute significantly to the cardiothoracic surgery workforce, with comparable academic success. Policy efforts to streamline IMGs' path toward US practice could help alleviate surgical shortages, while enhancing diversity and strengthening academia.Copyright © 2025 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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