• Jingxin Chen, Yufeng Ke, Guangjian Ni, Shuang Liu, and Dong Ming.
• Academy of Medical Engineering and Translational Medicine, Tianjin International Joint Research Centre for Neural Engineering, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Brain Science and Neural Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Precision Instrument and Optoelectronics Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
• Neuromodulation. 2025 Feb 8.

BackgroundTranscutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) has emerged as a potential modulator of cognitive behavior that activates the locus coeruleus-noradrenaline (LC-NA) system. Previous studies explored both phasic and tonic taVNS by investigating their impact on LC-NA markers such as pupil dilation and heart rate variability (HRV).ObjectiveInconsistencies persist in the identification of reliable markers for assessing the effects of taVNS on noradrenergic activity. Furthermore, it remains unclear whether the effects of taVNS extend beyond pure vagal nerve responses, particularly in specific cognitive domains such as working memory. In the present study, we investigated the effects of taVNS on working memory capacity and LC-NA markers using a change-detection task.Materials And MethodsTwenty-two healthy, right-handed university students participated in a sham-controlled, randomized cross-over experiment with four sessions. We applied two types of phasic and event-related stimulation (Pre-event and Event-synchronous), tonic stimulation (Pre-task), and sham stimulation across different sessions. Pupil size and electrocardiogram data were recorded during the tasks.ResultstaVNS did not significantly modulate behavioral performance on the change-detection task, specifically working memory capacity. However, both tonic and event-related phasic taVNS significantly influenced the pupillary response during the task. In addition, the Pre-task condition of the taVNS affected the low-frequency parameter of HRV.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that tonic and event-related phasic taVNS may modulate noradrenergic activity, as evidenced by pupil responses and HRV changes during the change-detection task. This study provides new evidence regarding the impact of taVNS on cognitive tasks, thus supporting the development of noninvasive neuromodulation interventions.Copyright © 2025 International Neuromodulation Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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