• Denise D Quigley, Nabeel Qureshi, Efrain Talamantes, and Zachary Predmore.
• RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA. quigley@rand.org.
• J Gen Intern Med. 2025 Feb 10.

BackgroundPoor quality communication and language barriers lead to worse care experiences and inferior health care outcomes for those with limited English proficiency. Fewer than one-third of outpatient providers regularly use professional interpreters when communicating with non-English preferring patients. Effective strategies to address language barriers in primary care are lacking and in demand.ObjectiveExamine provider perspectives on providing in-person care to Spanish-preferring patients.DesignPartnered with a large, urban Federally Qualified Health Center predominantly caring for Spanish-preferring Hispanic patients, we identified primary care providers who (1) were language-concordant (provider and patient speak same language); (2) used qualified interpreters; and (3) used informal strategies for interpretation/communication.ParticipantsWe interviewed 24 providers (10 language-concordant, 9 who used qualified interpreters, 5 who used informal interpreters and other strategies; response-rate 23%).ApproachWe established codes using systematic, inductive procedures to generate insights from responses and identified themes using content analysis.ResultsProviders-both language-concordant and those using interpreters-preferred to speak the same language as the patient, employed varying communication strategies, and required more time to care for Spanish-preferring patients for differing reasons. Using interpreters did not always improve communication because using qualified interpreters requires more time for initiating interpretation, connectivity issues, and conducting consecutive interpretation; using any interpreter requires provider-interpreter clarification or staff to translate, and sometimes interpreters had difficulty with medical content/terminology. Provider-patient visits also qualitatively differed based on language spoken and interpreter use in eliciting concerns, topics covered, patient comprehension, and time spent on rapport-building and patient education.ConclusionsProviders described barriers that organizations need to address to facilitate effective communication and language interpretation when caring for Spanish-preferring patients. Research is needed that identifies and tests language support strategies for providers and clinics and structural changes that preserve time during patient visits for providers and patients to spend on health care needs.© 2025. The Author(s).

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