• Daniel Bolliger, Andreas Buser, and Kenichi A Tanaka.
• Clinic for Anaesthesia, Intermediate Care, Prehospital Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel.
• Curr Opin Anaesthesiol. 2025 Feb 12.

Purpose Of The ReviewIn this narrative review, we evaluate the recent evidence for benefits, cost-effectiveness, and ethical considerations of patient blood management (PBM) programs.Recent FindingsPBM programs are able to reduce the amount of red blood cell transfusion by 20-40% and the risk of reoperation. Lower morbidity and mortality due to PBM implementation were only shown in retrospective studies with a before-and-after design but not in randomized controlled trials. PBM is very likely to be cost-effective when reduced blood transfusion can be accomplished through low-cost interventions, such as administration of oral iron or antifibrinolytics. Further, cost-efficacy can also be achieved by reducing postoperative morbidity and length of hospital stay. Of note, cost-efficacy of PBM interventions might be better in patients at high-bleeding risk. Finally, aiming to improve patient's outcome while minimizing transfusion-induced complications, PBM seems highly ethical.SummaryPBM is an important concept as it promotes the rational use of allogeneic blood products and reduces transfusion and wastage of precious and limited blood products.Copyright © 2025 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.

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