• Ruth E Grunau, Liisa Holsti, David W Haley, Tim Oberlander, Joanne Weinberg, Alfonso Solimano, Michael F Whitfield, Colleen Fitzgerald, and Wayne Yu.
• Centre for Community Child Health Research, British Columbia Research Institute for Children's and Women's Health, Vancouver, BC, Canada. rgrunau@cw.bc.ca
• Pain. 2005 Feb 1;113(3):293-300.

AbstractData from animal models indicate that neonatal stress or pain can permanently alter subsequent behavioral and/or physiological reactivity to stressors. However, cumulative effects of pain related to acute procedures in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) on later stress and/or pain reactivity has received limited attention. The objective of this study is to examine relationships between prior neonatal pain exposure (number of skin breaking procedures), and subsequent stress and pain reactivity in preterm infants in the NICU. Eighty-seven preterm infants were studied at 32 (+/-1 week) postconceptional age (PCA). Infants who received analgesia or sedation in the 72 h prior to each study, or any postnatal dexamethasone, were excluded. Outcomes were infant responses to two different stressors studied on separate days in a repeated measures randomized crossover design: (1) plasma cortisol to stress of a fixed series of nursing procedures; (2) behavioral (Neonatal Facial Coding System; NFCS) and cardiac reactivity to pain of blood collection. Among infants born

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