• Nidal Moukaddam, Erin AufderHeide, Araceli Flores, and Veronica Tucci.
• Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, 1502 Taub Loop, NPC Building 2nd Floor, Houston, TX 77030, USA. Electronic address: nidalm@bcm.edu.
• Emerg. Med. Clin. North Am. 2015 Nov 1;33(4):797-810.

AbstractDifficult patients are often those who present with a mix of physical and psychiatric symptoms, and seem refractory to usual treatments or reassurance. such patients can include those with personality disorders, those with somatization symptoms; they can come across as entitled, drug-seeking, manipulative, or simply draining to the provider. Such patients are often frequent visitors to Emergency Departments. Other reasons for difficult encounters could be rooted in provider bias or countertransference, rather than sole patient factors. Emergency providers need to have high awareness of these possibilities, and be prepared to manage such situations, otherwise workup can be sub-standard and dangerous medical mistakes can be made.Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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