• Nalini Vadivelu, Sukanya Mitra, Alan David Kaye, and Richard D Urman.
• Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, TMP 3, New Haven, CT 06520, USA. Electronic address: Nalini.vadivelu@yale.edu.
• Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2014 Mar 1;28(1):91-101.

AbstractThe epidemic use of illicit drugs has led to an increasing number of patients with drug addiction and dependence presenting for perioperative care. There are a wide variety of drugs commonly abused including opioids, such as heroin and prescription drugs; stimulants, such as amphetamine and cocaine; depressant drugs, such as alprazolam and diazepam; and hallucinogens, such as lysergic acid diethylamide, phencyclidine, and marijuana. Treatment of opioid dependence by office-based buprenorphine and methadone maintenance programs has expanded opportunities for therapy. Treatment of these patients in the perioperative period is challenging. In addition to pain control, management of anxiety, psychological states, and hemodynamic control are the factors to be considered to provide optimum treatment. Although opioids are the mainstay for the control of acute pain, other therapeutic options include alternative routes of administration of local anesthetic, ketamine infusion, and the use of regional anesthesia. We discuss optimum perioperative management, the role of perioperative urine testing, and special considerations in patients on methadone and buprenorphine.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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