• Andrew J Davidson, Nicola Disma, Jurgen C de Graaff, Davinia E Withington, Liam Dorris, Graham Bell, Robyn Stargatt, David C Bellinger, Tibor Schuster, Sarah J Arnup, Pollyanna Hardy, Rodney W Hunt, Michael J Takagi, Gaia Giribaldi, Penelope L Hartmann, Ida Salvo, Neil S Morton, Britta S von Ungern Sternberg, Bruno Guido Locatelli, Niall Wilton, Anne Lynn, Joss J Thomas, David Polaner, Oliver Bagshaw, Peter Szmuk, Anthony R Absalom, Geoff Frawley, Charles Berde, Gillian D Ormond, Jacki Marmor, Mary Ellen McCann, and GAS consortium.
• Anaesthesia and Pain Management Research Group, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Children's Trials Centre, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Anaesthesia and Pain Management, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. Electronic address: andrew.davidson@rch.org.au.
• Lancet. 2016 Jan 16; 387 (10015): 239-50.

BackgroundPreclinical data suggest that general anaesthetics affect brain development. There is mixed evidence from cohort studies that young children exposed to anaesthesia can have an increased risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcome. We aimed to establish whether general anaesthesia in infancy has any effect on neurodevelopmental outcome. Here we report the secondary outcome of neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age in the General Anaesthesia compared to Spinal anaesthesia (GAS) trial.MethodsIn this international assessor-masked randomised controlled equivalence trial, we recruited infants younger than 60 weeks postmenstrual age, born at greater than 26 weeks' gestation, and who had inguinal herniorrhaphy, from 28 hospitals in Australia, Italy, the USA, the UK, Canada, the Netherlands, and New Zealand. Infants were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either awake-regional anaesthesia or sevoflurane-based general anaesthesia. Web-based randomisation was done in blocks of two or four and stratified by site and gestational age at birth. Infants were excluded if they had existing risk factors for neurological injury. The primary outcome of the trial will be the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Third Edition (WPPSI-III) Full Scale Intelligence Quotient score at age 5 years. The secondary outcome, reported here, is the composite cognitive score of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III, assessed at 2 years. The analysis was as per protocol adjusted for gestational age at birth. A difference in means of five points (1/3 SD) was predefined as the clinical equivalence margin. This trial is registered with ANZCTR, number ACTRN12606000441516 and ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00756600.FindingsBetween Feb 9, 2007, and Jan 31, 2013, 363 infants were randomly assigned to receive awake-regional anaesthesia and 359 to general anaesthesia. Outcome data were available for 238 children in the awake-regional group and 294 in the general anaesthesia group. In the as-per-protocol analysis, the cognitive composite score (mean [SD]) was 98.6 (14.2) in the awake-regional group and 98.2 (14.7) in the general anaesthesia group. There was equivalence in mean between groups (awake-regional minus general anaesthesia 0.169, 95% CI -2.30 to 2.64). The median duration of anaesthesia in the general anaesthesia group was 54 min.InterpretationFor this secondary outcome, we found no evidence that just less than 1 h of sevoflurane anaesthesia in infancy increases the risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at 2 years of age compared with awake-regional anaesthesia.FundingAustralia National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Health Technologies Assessment-National Institute for Health Research UK, National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Canadian Institute of Health Research, Canadian Anesthesiologists' Society, Pfizer Canada, Italian Ministry of Heath, Fonds NutsOhra, and UK Clinical Research Network (UKCRN).Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This article appears in the collection: Is anaesthesia-related neurotoxicity significant in young children?.

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