• Grazia Sances, Federica Galli, Natascia Ghiotto, Marta Allena, Elena Guaschino, Alessandra Frustaci, Giuseppe Nappi, and Cristina Tassorelli.
• Headache Unit, C. Mondino National Institute of Neurology Foundation, Italy.
• Cephalalgia. 2013 May 1;33(7):431-43.

AimTo evaluate factors associated with a negative outcome in a 3-year follow-up of subjects diagnosed with medication-overuse headache (MOH) (revised-ICHD-II criteria).MethodsAll consecutive patients entering the center's inpatient detoxification program were analyzed in a prospective, non-randomized fashion. All participants were assessed by a neurologist using an ad hoc patient record form. Personality was assessed using the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)-2, Chi-square test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and odds ratios (OR) were calculated as appropriate.ResultsOne-hundred and fifty patients completed the follow-up (79.3% females, age 46.40 ± 11.31 years): 13 never stopped their drug overuse (A), 38 stopped their overuse, but relapsed at least once (B), and 99 stopped and never relapsed (C). The Group A patients differed from those in B + C as they were more frequently single (OR 0.134; P = 0.007) and unemployed (OR 3.273; P = 0.04), took a higher number of drug doses ( P < 0.001), and less frequently drank coffee (OR 3.273; P = 0.044). Personality profile: subjects in A scored higher than those in C on the following scales: Hypochondriasis ( P = 0.007), Depression ( P = 0.003), Paranoia ( P = 0.025), Fears ( P = 0.003), Obsessiveness ( P = 0.026), Bizarre Mentation ( P = 0.046), Social Discomfort ( P = 0.004), Negative Treatment Indicators ( P = 0.040), Repression ( P = 0.007), Overcontrolled Hostility ( P = 0.040), Addiction Admission ( P = 0.021), Social Responsibility ( P = 0.039), and Marital Distress ( P = 0.028).ConclusionDisease outcome in MOH patients is influenced negatively by overuse severity and by specific psychological and socio-economic variables. Other possible modifier factors were voluptuary habits.

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