• Ashley B Arana, Jeffery J Borckardt, Raffaella Ricci, Berry Anderson, Xingbao Li, Katherine J Linder, James Long, Harold A Sackeim, and Mark S George.
• Brain Stimulation Laboratory (BSL), Psychiatry Department, Medical University of South Carolina (MUSC), Charleston, SC 29425, USA. arana@musc.edu
• Brain Stimul. 2008 Jan 1;1(1):44-51.

BackgroundRepetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a novel, noninvasive method of stimulating selected regions of the brain that has both research applications and potential clinical utility, particularly for depression. To conduct high-quality clinical studies of rTMS, it is necessary to have a convincing placebo (or sham) treatment. Prefrontal rTMS causes cutaneous discomfort and muscle twitching; therefore, an optimal control condition, ie, sham condition, would mimic the cutaneous sensation and muscular discomfort of rTMS without stimulating the brain. Ideally, the quality and intensity of the sham condition would feel identical to the quality and intensity of the rTMS condition, except that the sham would have no effect on cortical activity. We designed and built a focal electrical stimulation system as a sham rTMS condition. Although this electrical sham system is superior to methods used in previous studies, little is known about how the new electrical sham system compares with active rTMS in terms of the level of discomfort and type of sensation it produces.MethodsWe hypothesized that the electrical sham system may not mirror the experimental condition sufficiently. We studied this hypothesis under single-blind conditions in 15 healthy adults by administering either the real or sham rTMS at high and low intensities while subjects, who were unaware of condition, rated subjective qualities of the stimulation (such as tingling, pinching, and piercing), the scalp location of the perception, and the painfulness of the stimuli.ResultsAt low-intensity stimulation, the two techniques (active and sham) differ with respect to the subjective quality of the sensation. The differences between real and sham rTMS were less dramatic at higher intensities. The best sham condition that most closely mimics real prefrontal rTMS requires individual titration of the intensity of electrical stimulation across a broad range. Performing this titration without unblinding patients is likely possible, but technically challenging. We propose a new approach to do this.ConclusionWe conclude that it is possible to create a truly indistinguishable sham condition (with appropriate acoustic masking as well), but more work is needed beyond these initial attempts.

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