• Michael A Vogelbaum, Sarah Jost, Manish K Aghi, Amy B Heimberger, John H Sampson, Patrick Y Wen, David R Macdonald, Martin J Van den Bent, and Susan M Chang.
• Brain Tumor and Neuro-Oncology Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA. vogelbm@ccf.org
• Neurosurgery. 2012 Jan 1;70(1):234-43; discussion 243-4.

BackgroundThe Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncology (RANO) Working Group is an international, multidisciplinary effort to develop new standardized response criteria for clinical trials in brain tumors. The RANO group identified knowledge gaps relating to the definitions of tumor response and progression after the use of surgical or surgically based treatments.ObjectiveTo outline a proposal for new response and progression criteria for the assessment of the effects of surgery and surgically delivered therapies for patients with gliomas.MethodsThe Surgery Working Group of RANO identified surgically related end-point evaluation problems that were not addressed in the original Macdonald criteria, performed an extensive literature review, and used a consensus-building process to develop recommendations for how to address these issues in the setting of clinical trials.ResultsRecommendations were formulated for surgically related issues, including imaging changes associated with surgical resection or surgically mediated adjuvant local therapies, the determination of progression in the setting where all enhancing tumor has been removed, and how new enhancement should be interpreted in the setting where local therapies that are known to produce nonspecific enhancement have been used. Additionally, the terminology used to describe the completeness of surgical resections has been recognized to be inconsistently applied to enhancing vs nonenhancing tumors, and a new set of descriptors is proposed.ConclusionThe RANO process is intended to produce end-point criteria for clinical trials that take into account the effects of prior and ongoing therapies. The RANO criteria will continue to evolve as new therapies and technologies are introduced into clinical trial and/or practice.

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