• Alan David Kaye, Syed Irfan Q Ali, and Richard D Urman.
• Department of Anesthesiology, LSU School of Medicine, 1542 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA; Interventional Pain Services, LSU School of Medicine, 1542 Tulane Ave, New Orleans, LA, USA.
• Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol. 2014 Mar 1;28(1):3-14.

AbstractOur understanding of pain and its long-term implications have dramatically changed with the advent of advancements in molecular mechanisms involved in acute or postoperative pain and chronic pain. This better understanding has led to multiple pharmacologic advancements to better treat pain with minimal side effects. Currently, we are still struggling to find the right balance between all of the different modalities that we have at our leisure. In order to best take care of postoperative pain, we are improving patient satisfaction, decreasing hospital stays, and decreasing the development of long-term pain and its related complications. However, despite using a multimodal approach that includes newer technologies, we still have a long way to go before we can guarantee a pain-free postoperative course or a comfortable end for a terminally ill patient. These arms of anesthesiology are ever changing. Anesthesiologists have taken a leadership role in perioperative pain management and clinical research designed for the improvement of pain.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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