• Anesthesia and analgesia · May 2007

    Comparative Study

    An ultrasonographic and histological study of intraneural injection and electrical stimulation in pigs.

    • Vincent W S Chan, Richard Brull, Colin J L McCartney, Daquan Xu, Sherif Abbas, and Patrick Shannon.
    • Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. vincent.chan@uhn.on.ca
    • Anesth. Analg. 2007 May 1;104(5):1281-4, tables of contents.

    BackgroundIn this study we evaluated the minimum stimulating current associated with intraneural needle placement and sonographic appearance of intraneural injection.MethodsWe inserted a needle 2 cm inside 28 pig nerves (brachial plexus in vivo), recorded the minimum current to elicit a motor response, and injected dye (5 mL) under ultrasound (US) imaging.ResultsThe minimum current to elicit a motor response was 0.43 mA (range: 0.12-1.8 mA). Nerve expansion was visualized by US in 24 of 28 nerves. Histology revealed penetration of the epineurium in these same 24 nerves. There was no evidence of dysplasia within the fascicle of any nerve.ConclusionsUS may prove useful to detect intraneural injection, whereas a motor response above 0.5 mA may not exclude intraneural needle placement. The correlation between intraneural injection and neurological dysfunction remains unclear.

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