• Andrew C Hayward, Ellen B Fragaszy, Alison Bermingham, Lili Wang, Andrew Copas, W John Edmunds, Neil Ferguson, Nilu Goonetilleke, Gabrielle Harvey, Jana Kovar, Megan S C Lim, Andrew McMichael, Elizabeth R C Millett, Jonathan S Nguyen-Van-Tam, Irwin Nazareth, Richard Pebody, Faiza Tabassum, John M Watson, Fatima B Wurie, Anne M Johnson, Maria Zambon, and Flu Watch Group.
• UCL Research Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London, UK. Electronic address: a.hayward@ucl.ac.uk.
• Lancet Respir Med. 2014 Jun 1;2(6):445-54.

BackgroundAssessment of the effect of influenza on populations, including risk of infection, illness if infected, illness severity, and consultation rates, is essential to inform future control and prevention. We aimed to compare the community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza across different age groups and study years and gain insight into the extent to which traditional surveillance underestimates this burden.MethodsUsing preseason and postseason serology, weekly illness reporting, and RT-PCR identification of influenza from nasal swabs, we tracked the course of seasonal and pandemic influenza over five successive cohorts (England 2006-11; 5448 person-seasons' follow-up). We compared burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic strains. We weighted analyses to the age and regional structure of England to give nationally representative estimates. We compared symptom profiles over the first week of illness for different strains of PCR-confirmed influenza and non-influenza viruses using ordinal logistic regression with symptom severity grade as the outcome variable.FindingsBased on four-fold titre rises in strain-specific serology, on average influenza infected 18% (95% CI 16-22) of unvaccinated people each winter. Of those infected there were 69 respiratory illnesses per 100 person-influenza-seasons compared with 44 per 100 in those not infected with influenza. The age-adjusted attributable rate of illness if infected was 23 illnesses per 100 person-seasons (13-34), suggesting most influenza infections are asymptomatic. 25% (18-35) of all people with serologically confirmed infections had PCR-confirmed disease. 17% (10-26) of people with PCR-confirmed influenza had medically attended illness. These figures did not differ significantly when comparing pandemic with seasonal influenza. Of PCR-confirmed cases, people infected with the 2009 pandemic strain had markedly less severe symptoms than those infected with seasonal H3N2.InterpretationSeasonal influenza and the 2009 pandemic strain were characterised by similar high rates of mainly asymptomatic infection with most symptomatic cases self-managing without medical consultation. In the community the 2009 pandemic strain caused milder symptoms than seasonal H3N2.FundingMedical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust.Copyright © 2014 Hayward et al. Open Access article distributed under the terms of CC BY. Published by .. All rights reserved.

32 keywords...

hide…