• Giovanni Di Pino, Giovanni Pellegrino, Giovanni Assenza, Fioravante Capone, Florinda Ferreri, Domenico Formica, Federico Ranieri, Mario Tombini, Ulf Ziemann, John C Rothwell, and Vincenzo Di Lazzaro.
• Institute of Neurology, Campus Bio-Medico University, Via Álvaro del Portillo 200, 00128 Rome, Italy.
• Nat Rev Neurol. 2014 Oct 1;10(10):597-608.

AbstractNoninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques can be used to monitor and modulate the excitability of intracortical neuronal circuits. Long periods of cortical stimulation can produce lasting effects on brain function, paving the way for therapeutic applications of NIBS in chronic neurological disease. The potential of NIBS in stroke rehabilitation has been of particular interest, because stroke is the main cause of permanent disability in industrial nations, and treatment outcomes often fail to meet the expectations of patients. Despite promising reports from many clinical trials on NIBS for stroke recovery, the number of studies reporting a null effect remains a concern. One possible explanation is that the interhemispheric competition model--which posits that suppressing the excitability of the hemisphere not affected by stroke will enhance recovery by reducing interhemispheric inhibition of the stroke hemisphere, and forms the rationale for many studies--is oversimplified or even incorrect. Here, we critically review the proposed mechanisms of synaptic and functional reorganization after stroke, and suggest a bimodal balance-recovery model that links interhemispheric balancing and functional recovery to the structural reserve spared by the lesion. The proposed model could enable NIBS to be tailored to the needs of individual patients.

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