• Ryan J Shaw, Miriam A Kaufman, Hayden B Bosworth, Bryan J Weiner, Leah L Zullig, Shoou-Yih Daniel Lee, Jeffrey D Kravetz, Susan M Rakley, Christianne L Roumie, Michael E Bowen, Pamela S Del Monte, Eugene Z Oddone, and George L Jackson.
• Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 411 West Chapel Street, suite 600, Durham, NC, USA. Ryan.shaw@duke.edu.
• Implement Sci. 2013 Jan 1;8:106.

BackgroundHypertension is prevalent and often sub-optimally controlled; however, interventions to improve blood pressure control have had limited success.ObjectivesThrough implementation of an evidence-based nurse-delivered self-management phone intervention to facilitate hypertension management within large complex health systems, we sought to answer the following questions: What is the level of organizational readiness to implement the intervention? What are the specific facilitators, barriers, and contextual factors that may affect organizational readiness to change?Study DesignEach intervention site from three separate Veterans Integrated Service Networks (VISNs), which represent 21 geographic regions across the US, agreed to enroll 500 participants over a year with at least 0.5 full time equivalent employees of nursing time. Our mixed methods approach used a priori semi-structured interviews conducted with stakeholders (n = 27) including nurses, physicians, administrators, and information technology (IT) professionals between 2010 and 2011. Researchers iteratively identified facilitators and barriers of organizational readiness to change (ORC) and implementation. Additionally, an ORC survey was conducted with the stakeholders who were (n = 102) preparing for program implementation.ResultsKey ORC facilitators included stakeholder buy-in and improving hypertension. Positive organizational characteristics likely to impact ORC included: other similar programs that support buy-in, adequate staff, and alignment with the existing site environment; improved patient outcomes; is positive for the professional nurse role, and is evidence-based; understanding of the intervention; IT infrastructure and support, and utilization of existing equipment and space.The primary ORC barrier was unclear long-term commitment of nursing. Negative organizational characteristics likely to impact ORC included: added workload, competition with existing programs, implementation length, and limited available nurse staff time; buy-in is temporary until evidence shows improved outcomes; contacting patients and the logistics of integration into existing workflow is a challenge; and inadequate staffing is problematic. Findings were complementary across quantitative and qualitative analyses.ConclusionsThe model of organizational change identified key facilitators and barriers of organizational readiness to change and successful implementation. This study allows us to understand the needs and challenges of intervention implementation. Furthermore, examination of organizational facilitators and barriers to implementation of evidence-based interventions may inform dissemination in other chronic diseases.

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