• Am J Hosp Palliat Care · Nov 1998

    Review

    The palliation of dyspnea in terminal disease.

    • G Zeppetella.
    • Royal Hospitals NHS Trust, London, England.
    • Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 1998 Nov 1;15(6):322-30.

    AbstractDyspnea is a complex subjective experience that is common in terminal illness. Patients may present at any time during the course of their illness, although prevalence increases with disease progression. Dyspnea has physical, psychological, social and spiritual components; without recognizing how each of these contributes to the total suffering of dyspnea, management is unlikely to be successful. The management of dyspnea involves both pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment. The main pharmacological palliative treatments are oxygen, opioids, and benzodiazepines, but the evidence to support these treatments is limited. More research is urgently needed to establish the efficacy of current treatments and to identify new ones.

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