• Yasir Alhamdi, Min Zi, Simon T Abrams, Tingting Liu, Dunhao Su, Ingeborg Welters, Tina Dutt, Elizabeth J Cartwright, Guozheng Wang, and Cheng-Hock Toh.
• 1Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. 2Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, Centre for Cardiac Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom. 3Department of Musculoskeletal Biology II, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom. 4Intensive Care Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom. 5Roald Dahl Haemostasis and Thrombosis Centre, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, United Kingdom.
• Crit. Care Med. 2016 May 1; 44 (5): e278-88.

ObjectivesCardiac complications are common in critical illness and associated with grave consequences. In this setting, elevated circulating histone levels have been linked to cardiac injury and dysfunction in experimental models and patients with sepsis. The mechanisms underlying histone-induced cardiotoxicity and the functional consequences on left ventricle and right ventricle remain unclear. This study aims to examine dose-dependent effects of circulating histones on left ventricle and right ventricle function at clinically relevant concentrations.DesignProspective laboratory study with in vitro and in vivo investigations.SettingUniversity research laboratory.SubjectsTwelve-week old male C57BL/6N mice.InterventionsCultured cardiomyocytes were incubated with clinically relevant histone concentrations, and a histone infusion mouse model was also used with hemodynamic changes characterized by echocardiography and left ventricle/right ventricle catheter-derived variables. Circulating histones and cardiac troponin levels were obtained from serial blood samples.Measurements And Main ResultsIV histone infusion caused time-dependent cardiac troponin elevation to indicate cardiac injury. At moderate sublethal histone doses (30 mg/kg), left ventricular contractile dysfunction was the prominent abnormality with reduced ejection fraction and prolonged relaxation time. At high doses (≥ 60 mg/kg), pulmonary vascular obstruction induced right ventricular pressure increase and dilatation, but left ventricular end-diastolic volume improved because of reduced blood return from the lungs. Mechanistically, histones induced profound calcium influx and overload in cultured cardiomyocytes with dose-dependent detrimental effects on intracellular calcium transient amplitude, contractility, and rhythm, suggesting that histones directly affect cardiomyocyte function adversely. However, increasing histone-induced neutrophil congestion, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, and thrombosis in the pulmonary microvasculature culminated in right ventricular dysfunction. Antihistone antibody treatment abrogated histone cardiotoxicity.ConclusionsCirculating histones significantly compromise left ventricular and right ventricular function through different mechanisms that are dependent on histone concentrations. This provides a translational basis to explain and target the spectral manifestations of cardiac dysfunction in critical illness.

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