• Oliver M Stokes, Elizabeth J O'Donovan, Dino Samartzis, Cora H Bow, Keith D K Luk, and Kenneth M C Cheung.
• Division of Spine Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Duchess of Kent Children's Hospital, University of Hong Kong, 12 Sandy Bay Rd, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR China.
• Spine J. 2014 Oct 1;14(10):2397-404.

Background ContextMagnetically-controlled growing rod (MCGR) technology has been reported for the treatment of early-onset scoliosis (EOS). Such technology allows for regular and frequent outpatient rod distractions without the need for additional surgery. However, pre- and postdistraction spine radiographs are required to verify the amount of lengthening. This increased exposure to ionizing radiation in developing children significantly increases their risk profile for radiation-induced cancer and noncancerous morbidity.PurposeThis study addressed the first and novel application and reliability of the use of ultrasonography, that has no ionizing radiation exposure, as an alternative to plain radiographs in the visualizing and confirming of rod distractions.Study DesignA prospective study.Patient SampleSix EOS patients who underwent surgical treatment with MCGRs were prospectively recruited.Outcome MeasuresImaging measurements based on ultrasound and plain radiographs.MethodsAll patients were imaged via ultrasound, ease of rod identification was established, and the reliability and reproducibility of optimal reference point selection assessed blindly by three individuals. The clinical algorithm, using ultrasound, was subsequently implemented. Plain radiographs served as controls.ResultsAssessment of the rod's neck distance on ultrasound demonstrated a high degree of interrater reliability (a=0.99; p<.001). Intrarater reliability remained high on repeat measurements at different time intervals (a=1.00; p<.001). Satisfactory interrater reliability was noted when measuring the rod's neck (a=0.73; p=.010) and high reliability was noted in assessing the housing of the rod (a=0.85; p=.01) on plain radiographs. Under blinded conditions, 2 mm rod distraction measured on radiographs corresponded to 1.7 mm distraction on the ultrasound (standard deviation: 0.24 mm; p<.001). Subsequently, the clinical algorithm using ultrasound, instead of radiographs, has been successfully implemented.ConclusionsThis is the first study to report the use of a novel technique using noninvasive, nonionizing ultrasound to reliably document rod distractions in EOS patients. A high level of inter- and intrarater reliabilities were noted. More importantly, the use of ultrasonography may result in fewer whole spine radiographs from being taken in patients who have had MCGRs implanted for EOS; thereby decreasing their exposure to ionizing radiation and the potential risk of future radiation-induced diseases.Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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