• Angelos-Miltiadis Krypotos, Inna Arnaudova, Marieke Effting, Merel Kindt, and Tom Beckers.
• Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
• Plos One. 2015 Jan 1; 10 (7): e0131581.

Background And ObjectivesExposure therapy for anxiety involves confronting a patient with fear-evoking stimuli, a procedure based partially on Pavlovian extinction. Exposure and other extinction-based therapies usually lead to (partial) reduction of fear symptoms, but a substantial number of patients experience a return of fear after treatment. Here we tested whether the combination of fear extinction with modification of approach-avoidance tendencies using an Approach-Avoidance Task (AAT) would result in the further reduction of conditioned fear and/or help prevent return of fear after extinction.MethodsTwo groups of participants underwent a fear acquisition procedure during which pictures of one neutral object were sometimes paired with shock (CS+), whereas pictures of another neutral object were not (CS-). The next day, in a fear extinction procedure, both objects were presented without shock. During the subsequent joystick AAT, one group primarily pulled CS+ pictures towards themselves and pushed CS- pictures away from themselves; reversed contingencies applied for the other group.ResultsApproach training was effective in modifying conditioned action tendencies, with some evidence for transfer to a different approach/avoidance task. No group differences in subjective fear or physiological arousal were found during subsequent post- training and return-of-fear testing.LimitationsNo reliable return-of-fear was observed in either group for either subjective or physiological fear measures.ConclusionsOur results suggest that approach training may be of limited value for enhancing the short- and long-term effects of extinction-based interventions.

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