• Mikko Jormalainen, Antti E Vento, Heikki Lukkarinen, Pekka Kääpä, Ville Kytö, Jouni Lauronen, Timo Paavonen, Raili Suojaranta-Ylinen, and Jari Petäjä.
• Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. mikko.jormalainen@hus.fi
• J. Cardiothorac. Vasc. Anesth. 2007 Apr 1;21(2):224-31.

ObjectiveTransient left-ventricular dysfunction because of myocardial reperfusion injury is a significant problem after cardiac surgery, but the underlying complex pathophysiology is still poorly understood. The authors studied early functional recovery of the postischemic myocardium and explored potential effects of thrombin inhibition on procoagulatory, proinflammatory, and proapoptotic features of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury.DesignA randomized, blinded study.SettingUniversity research laboratory.SubjectsPorcine model.InterventionsTwenty pigs undergoing 60 minutes of aortic clamping and 75 minutes of normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) received an intravenous bolus of r-hirudin (10 mg, 0.4mg/kg, n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) 15 minutes before aortic declamping, followed by a 135-minute intravenous infusion of r-hirudin (3.75 mg, 0.15 mg/kg/h) or placebo.Measurements And Main ResultsHemodynamic parameters were measured before CPB, after weaning from CPB, and at 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after aortic declamping. Blood was sampled, and myocardial biopsies were taken before CPB, just before aortic declamping, during reperfusion, and after 120 minutes of reperfusion to measure thrombin antithrombin complexes and to quantitate leukocyte infiltration (myeloperoxidase activity) for histologic evaluation and detection of apoptosis with caspase-3 and the TUNEL method. The r-hirudin group showed significantly higher stroke volume and cardiac output than the control group at 60 minutes and at 90 minutes after aortic declamping (p < 0.05). Microthrombosis was not observed in either group, indicating sufficient anticoagulation and excluding intravascular clots as explanations for LV dysfunction in the current experiment. Instead, ample myocardial activation of inflammation was present, but only a trend of r-hirudin-associated anti-inflammatory effect was observed. Compared with the controls, TUNEL-positive myocytes were detected significantly less frequently in the r-hirudin group (0.05 +/- 0.06 v 0.13 +/- 0.07 TUNEL-positive nuclei %, p = 0.042).ConclusionsThe improved cardiac recovery in the r-hirudin group during reperfusion after cardioplegia-induced cardiac arrest was associated with significant differences in cardiomyocyte apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects. Thus, in clinical cardiac surgery, inhibition of reperfusion- induced thrombin may offer beneficial effects by mechanisms other than direct anticoagulation.

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