• Jason C Bendall, Paul M Simpson, and Paul M Middleton.
• Ambulance Research Institute, Ambulance Service of NSW, Rozelle, New South Wales, Australia.
• Prehosp Emerg Care. 2011 Apr 1;15(2):158-65.

ObjectivesTo compare the effectiveness of intravenous morphine, intranasal (IN) fentanyl, and inhaled methoxyflurane for managing moderate to severe pain in pediatric patients in the out-of-hospital setting.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective comparative study of 3,312 pediatric patients aged between 5 and 15 years who had moderate to severe pain (pain score ≥ 5) and who received intravenous morphine, IN fentanyl, or inhaled methoxyflurane, either alone or in combination, between January 1, 2004, and November 30, 2006. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze data extracted from a clinical database containing routinely entered information from patient health care records. The primary outcome measure was effective analgesia, defined as a reduction in pain severity of ≥ 30% of initial pain score using an 11-point verbal numeric rating scale.ResultsEffective analgesia was achieved in 82.5% of cases overall. All analgesic agents were effective in the majority of patients (87.5%, 89.5%, and 78.3% for morphine, fentanyl, and methoxyflurane, respectively). There was evidence that methoxyflurane was less effective than both morphine (odds ratio [OR] 0.52; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.36-0.74) and fentanyl (OR 0.43; 95% CI 0.29-0.62; p < 0.0001). There was no clinical or statistical evidence of difference in the effectiveness of fentanyl and morphine in this population (OR 1.22; 95% CI 0.74-2.01). There was no evidence that combination analgesia was better than either fentanyl or morphine alone.ConclusionIntranasal fentanyl and intravenous morphine are equally effective analgesic agents in pediatric patients with moderate to severe acute pain in the out-of-hospital setting. Methoxyflurane is less effective in comparison with both morphine and fentanyl, but is an effective analgesic in the majority of children.

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