• K L Wilkins, P J McGrath, G A Finley, and J Katz.
• Department of Psychology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
• Pain. 1998 Oct 1;78(1):7-12.

ObjectiveTo provide a better understanding of the prevalence, correlates and quality of phantom sensations and phantom pain in child and adolescent amputees.DesignRetrospective survey study.SettingRecruitment through the War Amputations of Canada.ParticipantsSixty child and adolescent amputees aged 8-18 years who were missing a limb due to a congenital limb deficiency (n = 27) or surgery/trauma (n = 33).Main Outcome Measure(S)Questionnaire to assess the occurrence and correlates of phantom sensations and phantom pain.ResultsForty-two percent of the total sample reported phantom sensations; 7.4% of the congenital group and 69.7% of the surgical group (chi2 = 23.70 with 1 df, P < 0.01.) Twenty-nine percent of the total sample reported phantom pain; 3.7% of the congenital group and 48.5% of the surgical group (chi2 = 14.67, with 1 df, P < 0.01). Eighty-eight percent of the amputees with phantom pain had stump pain, while 35.3% had phantom pain that was similar to pre-operative pain and 76.5% experienced pains other than phantom pain (e.g. headaches). Amputees identified exercise, objects approaching the stump, cold weather and 'feeling nervous' as the primary triggers of phantom sensations and/or phantom pain.Conclusion(S)Less than half of the sample experienced phantom sensations and phantom pain; however, the loss of a limb due to surgery is associated with an increase in the likelihood of experiencing these phenomena.

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