• Katherine S Button, Nicholas Turner, John Campbell, David Kessler, Willem Kuyken, Glyn Lewis, Tim J Peters, Laura Thomas, and Nicola Wiles.
• Centre for Academic Mental Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Centre for Academic Primary Care, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK. Electronic address: kate.button@bristol.ac.uk.
• J Affect Disord. 2015 Mar 15;174:272-80.

BackgroundStratified medicine aims to improve clinical and cost-effectiveness by identifying moderators of treatment that indicate differential response to treatment. Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is often offered as a 'next-step' for patients who have not responded to antidepressants, but no research has examined moderators of response to CBT in this population. We aimed, therefore, to identify moderators of response to CBT in treatment resistant depression.MethodsWe used linear regression to test for interactions between treatment effect and 14 putative moderator variables using data from the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. This trial examined the effectiveness of CBT given in addition to usual care (n=234) compared with usual care alone (n=235) for primary care patients with treatment resistant depression.ResultsAge was the only variable with evidence for effect modification (p Value for interaction term=0.012), with older patients benefiting the most from CBT. We found no evidence of effect modification by any other demographic, life, illness, personality trait, or cognitive variable (p≥0.2).ConclusionsGiven the largely null findings, a stratified approach that might limit offering CBT is premature; CBT should be offered to all individuals where antidepressant medication has failed.Copyright © 2014. Published by Elsevier B.V.

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