• Eileen O'Meara, Jean L Rouleau, Michel White, Karine Roy, Lucie Blondeau, Anique Ducharme, Paul-Eduard Neagoe, Martin G Sirois, Joël Lavoie, Normand Racine, Mark Liszkowski, François Madore, Jean-Claude Tardif, Simon de Denus, and ANCHOR Investigators.
• From the Montreal Heart Institute, Department of Medicine (E.O'M., J.L.R., M.W., K.R., A.D., J.L., N.R., M.L., J.-C.T., S.d.D.), Department of Pharmacology (P.-E.N., M.G.S.), Department of Biostatistics Montreal Heart Innovations Coordinating Center (MHICC) (L.B.), and Department of Nephrology, Hôpital du Sacré-Cœur de Montréal (F.M.), Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. eileen.omeara@umontreal.ca.
• Circ Heart Fail. 2014 Sep 1;7(5):773-81.

BackgroundAnemia is a highly prevalent and strong independent prognostic marker in heart failure (HF), yet this association is not completely understood. Whether anemia is simply a marker of disease severity and concomitant chronic kidney disease or represents the activation of other detrimental pathways remains uncertain. We sought to determine which pathophysiological pathways are exacerbated in patients with HF, reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and anemia in comparison with those without anemia.Methods And ResultsIn a prospective study involving 151 patients, selected biomarkers were analyzed, each representing proposed contributive mechanisms in the pathophysiology of anemia in HF. We compared clinical, echocardiographic, and circulating biomarkers profiles among patients with HFrEF and anemia (group 1), HFrEF without anemia (group 2), and chronic kidney disease with preserved EF, without established HF (chronic kidney disease control group 3). We demonstrate here that many processes other than those related to chronic kidney disease are involved in the anemia-HF relationship. These are linked to the pathophysiological mechanisms pertaining to left ventricular systolic dysfunction and remodeling, systemic inflammation and volume overload. We found that levels of interleukin-6 and interleukin-10, specific markers of cardiac remodeling (procollagen type III N-terminal peptide, matrix metalloproteinase-2, tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase 1, left atrial volume), myocardial stretch (NT-proBNP [N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide]), and myocyte death (troponin T) are related to anemia in HFrEF.ConclusionsAnemia is strongly associated not only with markers of more advanced and active heart disease but also with the level of renal dysfunction in HFrEF. Increased myocardial remodeling, inflammation, and volume overload are the hallmarks of patients with anemia and HF.Clinical Trial Registration Urlhttp://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT00834691.© 2014 American Heart Association, Inc.

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