• Basil J Petrof and Sabah N Hussain.
• aMeakins Christie Laboratories, and Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases Program, McGill University Health Centre and Research Institute bDepartment of Critical Care, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec, Canada.
• Curr Opin Crit Care. 2016 Feb 1; 22 (1): 67-72.

Purpose Of ReviewThe purpose of the review is to summarize and discuss recent research regarding the role of mechanical ventilation in producing weakness and atrophy of the diaphragm in critically ill patients, an entity termed ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD).Recent FindingsSevere weakness of the diaphragm is frequent in mechanically ventilated patients, in whom it contributes to poor outcomes including increased mortality. Significant progress has been made in identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for VIDD in animal models, and there is accumulating evidence for occurrence of the same cellular processes in the diaphragms of human patients undergoing prolonged mechanical ventilation.SummaryRecent research is pointing the way to novel pharmacologic therapies as well as nonpharmacologic methods for preventing VIDD. The next major challenge in the field will be to move these findings from the bench to the bedside in critically ill patients.

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