• Hung Tzu Wen, Albert L Rhoton, Evandro de Oliveira, Luiz Henrique M Castro, Eberval Gadelha Figueiredo, and Manoel Jacobsen Teixeira.
• Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA. wenht@uol.com.br
• Neurosurgery. 2009 Dec 1;65(6 Suppl):1-35; discussion 36.

ObjectiveWe present observations of the anatomy of the sylvian fissure region and their clinical application in neuroimaging, microsurgery for middle cerebral artery aneurysms and insular lesions, frontobasal resections, and epilepsy surgery.MethodsSixty adult cadaveric hemispheres and 12 adult cadaveric heads were studied after perfusion of the arteries and veins with colored latex. The anatomic information was applied in more than 200 microsurgeries in and around the sylvian fissure region in the past 15 years.ResultsThe sylvian fissure extends from the basal to the lateral surface of the brain and presents 2 compartments on each surface, 1 superficial (temporal stem and its ramii) and 1 deep (anterior and lateral operculoinsular compartments). The temporal operculum is in opposition to the frontal and parietal opercula (planum polare versus inferior frontal and precentral gyri, Heschl's versus postcentral gyri, planum temporale versus supramarginal gyrus). The inferior frontal, precentral, and postcentral gyri cover the anterior, middle, and posterior thirds of the lateral surface of the insula, respectively. The pars triangularis covers the apex of the insula, located immediately distal to the genu of the middle cerebral artery. The clinical application of the anatomic information presented in this article is in angiography, middle cerebral artery aneurysm surgery, insular resection, frontobasal resection, and amygdalohippocampectomy, and hemispherotomy.ConclusionThe anatomic relationships of the sylvian fissure region can be helpful in preoperative planning and can serve as reliable intraoperative navigation landmarks in microsurgery involving that region.

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