• Marco Monticone, Emilia Ambrosini, Barbara Rocca, Tiziana Nava, Erica Terragni, Cesare Cerri, and Lance M McCracken.
• Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, Institute of Care and Research, IRCCS, Scientific Institute of Lissone (Monza Brianza), Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Unit, Via Monsignor Bernasconi 16, 20851, Lissone, Monza Brianza, Italy. marco.monticone@fsm.it.
• Int J Behav Med. 2016 Apr 1; 23 (2): 214-23.

BackgroundGrowing attention is being given to cognitive-behavioural measures to improve interventions for spinal disorders. The Pain Vigilance and Awareness Questionnaire (PVAQ) has never been validated in Italian subjects with chronic low back pain (LBP).PurposeThe purpose of this study is translating, culturally adapting and validating the Italian version of PVAQ (PVAQ-I).MethodsA cross-sectional evaluation of the psychometric properties of the PVAQ-I on patients with chronic LBP was conducted. The questionnaire was culturally adapted in accordance with international standards. The psychometric testing included confirmatory factor analysis, reliability by internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient, ICC); construct validity by comparing the PVAQ-I with the Pain Catastrophising Scale (PCS), the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Score (HADS), the Chronic Pain Acceptance Questionnaire (CPAQ), a Numerical Rating Scale of pain intensity (NRS) and the Oswestry Disability Questionnaire (ODI); and sensitivity to change by calculating the smallest detectable change.ResultsThe PVAQ-I was administered to 131 subjects with chronic LBP (77 females, mean age of 48 ± 16 years, median symptoms duration of 12 months). Factor analysis confirmed a two-factor (passive awareness and active vigilance), 13-item solution, which led to an acceptable data-model fit. Internal consistency (α = 0.91) and test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.92) were good. As a priori hypothesized, construct validity showed moderate correlations between the PVAQ-I and PCS (r = 0.60), TSK (r = 0.44) and HADS-Anxiety (r = 0.53) and low correlations with HADS-Depression (r = 0.28), NRS (r = 0.28), ODI (r = 0.23) and CPAQ (r = -0.12). The smallest detectable change was 9.ConclusionThe PVAQ was successfully translated into Italian and proved to have satisfactory psychometric properties. Its use is recommended for clinical and research purposes.

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