• Laila Din Osmun, Rebecca Pillai Riddell, and David B Flora.
• PhD, The O.U.C.H. Laboratory, Faculty of Health, Department of Psychology, York University, 2004/2006 Sherman Health Sciences Building, 4600 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario M3J 1P3, Canada. rpr@yorku.ca.
• J Pediatr Psychol. 2014 Jan 1;39(1):23-34.

ObjectivesTo examine the predictive relationships of early infant and caregiver variables on expressed pain-related negative affect duration at the 12-month immunization.MethodsInfants and their caregivers (N = 255) were followed during immunization appointments over the first year of life. Latent growth curve modeling in a structural equation modeling context was used.ResultsHigher levels of initial infant pain reactivity at 2 months and caregiver emotional availability averaged across 2, 4, and 6 months of age were related to larger decreases in the duration of infant negative affect over the first 6 months of life. Longer duration of infant negative affect at 2 months and poorer regulation of infant negative affect over the first 6 months of life predicted longer durations of infant negative affect by 12 months.ConclusionsInfant negative affect at 12 months was a function of both infant factors and the quality of caregiver interactive behaviors (emotional availability) in early infancy.

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