• Balwinder Singh, Rahul Kashyap, Michael Malinchoc, John M Litell, Adil H Ahmed, Henry J Schiller, and Sonal R Pannu.
• 1Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 2Multidisciplinary Epidemiology and Translational Research in Intensive Care, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 3Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. 4Division of Trauma, Critical Care and General Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
• Crit. Care Med.. 2014 Jan 1;42(1):31-9.

ObjectiveAcute respiratory distress syndrome is a common complication of critical illness, with high mortality and limited treatment options. Preliminary studies suggest that potentially preventable hospital exposures contribute to acute respiratory distress syndrome development. We aimed to determine the association between specific hospital exposures and the rate of acute respiratory distress syndrome development among at-risk patients.DesignPopulation-based, nested, Matched case-control study.PatientsConsecutive adults who developed acute respiratory distress syndrome from January 2001 through December 2010 during their hospital stay (cases) were matched to similar-risk patients without acute respiratory distress syndrome (controls). They were matched for 6 baseline characteristics.InterventionsNone.Measurements And Main ResultsTrained investigators blinded to outcome of interest reviewed medical records for evidence of specific exposures, including medical and surgical adverse events, inadequate empirical antimicrobial treatment, hospital-acquired aspiration, injurious mechanical ventilation, transfusion, and fluid and medication administration. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the risk associated with individual exposures. During the 10-year period, 414 patients with hospital-acquired acute respiratory distress syndrome were identified and matched to 414 at-risk, acute respiratory distress syndrome-free controls. Adverse events were highly associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome development (odds ratio, 6.2; 95% CI, 4.0-9.7), as were inadequate antimicrobial therapy, mechanical ventilation with injurious tidal volumes, hospital-acquired aspiration, and volume of blood products transfused and fluids administered. Exposure to antiplatelet agents during the at-risk period was associated with a decreased risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Rate of adverse hospital exposures and prevalence of acute respiratory distress syndrome decreased during the study period.ConclusionsPrevention of adverse hospital exposures in at-risk patients may limit the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

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