• Thomas M Scalea.
• Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA. TSCALEA@umm.edu
• Scand J Trauma Resus. 2011 Jan 1;19:2.

AbstractTrauma resuscitation paradigms have changed considerably over the last twenty years. Originally, the goal was to normalize a blood pressure as quickly as possible. Large volume crystalloid resuscitation was used to accomplish this. Standard therapy was that any patient with suspected bleeding received a two liter crystalloid bolus as initial therapy. It was often repeated and blood transfusion therapy was used relatively late. Fresh frozen plasma and platelets were also used relatively late, often after patients had received ten units of red cells. Dilutional anemia was relatively common. Patients with large volume blood loss often died from what was termed, "the bloody vicious cycle," of hypothermia, acidosis and coagulopathy.

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