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- Jane C Evans, Eliza M McCartney, Gretchen Lawhon, and James Galloway.
- Center for Research and Evaluation, School of Nursing, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, OH, USA.
- Pediatr Nurs. 2005 May 1;31(3):216-21.
BackgroundPreterm infants receive repeated heelsticks over their hospitalization, yet contradictions exist regarding the influence of prior heelsticks, prior painful procedures, and severity of illness on assessment of the pain responses.PurposesCompare pain responses to repeated heelsticks in infants of varying gestational age groups, and determine the influence of number of prior heelsticks, total number of prior painful procedures, and severity of illness on pain responses over time.Design And MethodsThe descriptive longitudinal design utilized a convenience sample of 81 preterm infants from a Midwestern Level III newborn intensive care unit (NICU).ResultsSignificant differences in Preterm Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scores were found between age groups. Both the severity of illness and the total number of prior painful procedures had a significant influence on pain scores.ConclusionsNurses' use of developmental care and the QuickHeel device may result in lower pain scores. Higher severity of illness and number of prior heelsticks may lower pain scores.
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