• Paolo Spagnolo, Giulio Rossi, and Alberto Cavazza.
• Center for Rare Lung Diseases, Respiratory Disease Unit, University Hospital of Modena, Via del Pozzo 71, 41124 Modena, Italy.
• Expert Rev Clin Immunol. 2014 Aug 1;10(8):1005-17.

AbstractIdiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is the most common and lethal form of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia. The disease is thought to arise following an aberrant reparative response to recurrent alveolar epithelial cell injury leading to progressive loss of function. The median survival time is 3-5 years from diagnosis. Cigarette smoking, exposure to organic and inorganic dust and genetic factors have been shown to increase the risk of disease, although the cause of IPF remains elusive and its pathogenesis incompletely understood. In the last decade, several clinical trials evaluating novel therapies for IPF have been conducted but the results have been mostly disappointing. Conversely, compounds that target anti-fibrotic and growth factor pathways have been proven effective in slowing functional decline and disease progression. These promising results notwithstanding, truly effective therapeutic strategies will likely require combinations of drugs in order to target the multitude of pathways involved in disease pathogenesis.

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