• Reg Anesth Pain Med · May 2011

    Review

    Needle to nerve proximity: what do the animal studies tell us?

    • Alan James Robert Macfarlane, Anuj Bhatia, and Richard Brull.
    • Department of Anaesthesia, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Scotland, UK.
    • Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2011 May 1;36(3):290-302.

    AbstractRecent animal studies have provided insight and understanding, as well as promising clinical tools, to help identify needle-to-nerve contact and potentially hazardous intraneural injection. This narrative review describes and summarizes the contemporary animal studies primarily relating to indicators of needle-to-nerve contact and intraneural injection. Resultant nerve injury, whenever sought, is discussed.

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