• Rafaële J C Huntjens, Marleen M Rijkeboer, Andrej Krakau, and Peter J de Jong.
• Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Grote Kruisstraat 2/1, 9712 TS Groningen, The Netherlands. Electronic address: R.J.C.Huntjens@rug.nl.
• J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2014 Mar 1;45(1):1-7.

Background And ObjectivesLow trait self-control constitutes a core criterion in various psychiatric disorders. Personality traits such as low self-control are mostly indexed by self-report measures. However, several theorists emphasized the importance of differentiating between explicit and implicit indices of personality traits, Therefore, the present study examined the unique predictive validity of an implicit measure of trait self-control for spontaneous dysfunctional behavior.MethodsAs a measure of implicit trait self-control, we used an irrelevant feature task: a speeded reaction time task comprising a task-relevant stimulus feature (i.e., capital vs. lower case letter type) and a task-irrelevant feature (high vs. low self-control word type). The irrelevant feature had to be ignored, while participants (n = 34) responded to the relevant stimulus feature. However, their response was either congruent or incongruent with the irrelevant stimulus feature, resulting in facilitated or deteriorated task performance. As indicators of trait-related spontaneous dysfunctional behavior, we included indices of frustration tolerance and the preference for short-term reward over meeting long-term goals. We also included two explicit measures of trait self-control: a self-report questionnaire and an explicit self-relevance rating of the implicit task stimuli.ResultsSpecifically the implicit measure of trait self-control showed predictive validity for the target self-control behaviors.LimitationsThe predictive validity of implicit measures of personality traits requires further study in larger, non-student samples.ConclusionsAs predicted, the implicit measure of trait self-control showed superior predictive power for spontaneous trait-related behavior. This finding points to the relevance of complementing the routinely used self-report measures with implicit measures of trait self-control.Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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