• J Immunol Res · Jan 2015

    Growth modeling of the maternal cytokine milieu throughout normal pregnancy: macrophage-derived chemokine decreases as inflammation/counterregulation increases.

    • Shernan G Holtan, Yiyi Chen, Rajani Kaimal, Douglas J Creedon, Elizabeth Ann L Enninga, Wendy K Nevala, and Svetomir N Markovic.
    • Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware Street, MMC 480, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
    • J Immunol Res. 2015 Jan 1;2015:952571.

    AbstractSeveral recent studies have shown differences in the maternal immune milieu at different phases of pregnancy, but most studies have been cross-sectional or of relatively few time points. Levels of 42 cytokines were determined using a multiplex bead-based assay on archived serum from a cohort of pregnant women (N = 16) at median of 18 time points tested, from the first trimester through to parturition, per woman. Unconditional growth modeling was then used to determine time-dependent changes in levels of these cytokines. Macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC, aka CCL22) decreases as pregnancy progresses. IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-15, IP-10, and FLT3-ligand increase as a function of gestational weeks, and IFNα2, IL-1ra, IL-3, IL-9, IL-12p40, and soluble CD40 ligand increase as a function of trimester. As pregnancy normally progresses, a maternal shift away from a type 2-biased immune response and toward an inflammatory/counterregulatory response is observed.

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