• Debra L Weiner, Patricia L Hibberd, Peter Betit, Andrew B Cooper, Christine A Botelho, and Carlo Brugnara.
• Pediatric Emergency, Children's Hospital Boston, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA. weiner_d@tch.harvard.edu
• JAMA. 2003 Mar 5; 289 (9): 1136-42.

ContextVaso-occlusion is central to the painful crises and acute and chronic organ damage in sickle cell disease. Abnormal nitric oxide-dependent regulation of vascular tone, adhesion, platelet activation, and inflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of vaso-occlusion. Nitric oxide may have promise as a mechanism-of-disease-based therapy for treatment of vaso-occlusion.ObjectiveTo explore the efficacy and safety of inhaled nitric oxide (INO) for treatment of vaso-occlusive crisis in pediatric patients.DesignProspective, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial with enrollment between September 1999 and October 2001.SettingUrban, tertiary care children's hospital in the United States.ParticipantsTwenty patients aged 10 to 21 years with sickle cell disease and severe acute vaso-occlusive crisis.InterventionPatients were randomly assigned to receive INO (80 ppm with 21% final concentration of inspired oxygen; n = 10), or placebo (21% inspired oxygen; n = 10) for 4 hours.Main Outcome MeasuresChange in pain at 4 hours of inhalation compared with preinhalation pain, measured on a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS); secondary outcome measures were pain over 6 hours, parenteral narcotic use over 24 hours, duration of hospitalization, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and methemoglobin concentration.ResultsPreinhalation VAS pain scores were similar in the INO and placebo groups (P =.80). The decrease in VAS pain scores at 4 hours was 2.0 cm in the INO group and 1.2 cm in the placebo group (P =.37). Repeated-measures analysis of variance for hourly pain scores showed a 1-cm/h greater reduction in the INO group than the placebo group (P =.02). Morphine use over 6 hours was significantly less in the INO group (mean cumulative use, 0.29 vs 0.44 mg/kg; P =.03) but was not different over 4 hours (0.26 vs 0.32 mg/kg; P =.21) or 24 hours (0.63 vs 0.91 mg/kg; P =.15). Duration of hospitalization was 78 and 100 hours in the INO and placebo groups, respectively (P =.19). No INO toxicity was observed.ConclusionsResults of this exploratory study suggest that INO may be beneficial for acute vaso-occlusive crisis. These preliminary results warrant further investigation.

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