• Paweena Susantitaphong, Ioannis Koulouridis, Ethan M Balk, Nicolaos E Madias, and Bertrand L Jaber.
• Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Kidney and Dialysis Research Laboratory, St. Elizabeth's Medical Center, Boston, MA 02135, USA.
• Am. J. Kidney Dis. 2012 May 1;59(5):689-99.

BackgroundIncreased left ventricular (LV) mass is a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney failure. More frequent or extended hemodialysis (HD) has been hypothesized to have a beneficial effect on LV mass.Study DesignMeta-analysis.Setting & PopulationMEDLINE literature search (inception to April 2011), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov using the search terms "short daily HD," "daily HD," "quotidian HD," "frequent HD," "intensive HD," "nocturnal HD," and "home HD."Selection Criteria For StudiesSingle-arm cohort studies (with pre- and post-study evaluations) and trials examining the effect of frequent or extended HD on cardiac morphology and function and blood pressure parameters. Studies of hemofiltration, hemodiafiltration, and peritoneal dialysis were excluded.InterventionFrequent (2-8 hours, >3 times weekly) or extended (>4 hours, 3 times weekly) HD compared with conventional (≤4 hours, 3 times weekly) HD.OutcomesAbsolute changes in cardiac morphology and function, including LV mass index (LVMI; primary) and blood pressure parameters (secondary).ResultsWe identified 38 single-arm studies, 5 crossover trials, and 3 randomized controlled trials. By meta-analysis of 23 study arms, frequent or extended HD significantly reduced LVMI from baseline (-31.2 g/m(2), 95% CI, -39.8 to -22.5; P < 0.001). The 3 randomized trials found a less pronounced net reduction in LVMI (-7.0 g/m(2); 95% CI, -10.2 to -3.7; P < 0.001). LV ejection fraction improved by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.6% to 11.9%; P = 0.01). Other cardiac morphologic parameters showed similar improvements. There also were significant decreases in systolic, diastolic, and mean blood pressure and mean number of antihypertensive medications.LimitationsPaucity of randomized controlled trials.ConclusionsConversion from conventional to frequent or extended HD is associated with improvements in cardiac morphology and function, including LVMI and LV ejection fraction, respectively, and several blood pressure parameters, which collectively might confer long-term cardiovascular benefit. Trials with long-term clinical outcomes are needed.Copyright © 2012 National Kidney Foundation, Inc. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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