• Sofia Bergbom, Katja Boersma, Thomas Overmeer, and Steven J Linton.
• Center for Health and Medical Psychology, School of Law, Psychology and Social Work, Örebro University, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden. sofia.bergbom@oru.se
• Phys Ther. 2011 May 1;91(5):754-64.

BackgroundPain catastrophizing and emotional distress can act as prognostic factors for pain and disability. Research on how these variables interact within individuals and over time is in an early stage. Understanding various patterns of prognostic factors and how these factors change during treatment is important for developing treatments targeting important factors.ObjectiveThe primary aim of this study was to investigate relationships between pain catastrophizing and depressed mood in people seeking primary care for musculoskeletal pain. An additional aim was to relate these patterns of prognostic factors to outcomes during a 6-month period.DesignThe design was prospective; data were obtained at baseline and at follow-up.MethodsForty-two physical therapists taking part in an educational program recruited, from their clinical practices in primary care, consecutive patients who were currently experiencing a pain problem. Patients received various physical therapy interventions between baseline and follow-up.ResultsOn the basis of patterns of scoring for pain catastrophizing and depressed mood, 4 subgroups of participants were found. Belonging to a subgroup with elevated levels of either pain catastrophizing or depressed mood at baseline was related to the absence of improvement and elevated levels of disability after physical therapy interventions. Furthermore, elevated levels of both variables were related to the highest levels of disability.LimitationsThe analyses relied on self-report. Neither treatment content nor pain-related fear was measured. The sample was a mixture of participants reporting acute pain and subacute pain.ConclusionsThe results stress the importance of assessing and targeting prognostic factors. Moreover, the results suggest the need to tailor treatments to match patterns of prognostic factors and the need to target depressed mood and pain catastrophizing in physical therapy interventions.

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