• Matthew Goede and Matthew Wheeler.
• Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska, 983280 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-3280, USA. Electronic address: mgoede@unmc.edu.
• Surg. Clin. North Am. 2015 Apr 1;95(2):443-51.

AbstractPatient autonomy is preserved through the use of advance directives. A living will defines treatment by establishing parameters under which patients want to be treated. A durable power of attorney for health care establishes a surrogate for patients if they are unable to make decisions for themselves. In the perioperative setting, advance directives are applied with significant variation between surgeons, likely due to surgeons implying from informed consent discussions that patients want to pursue aggressive treatment. Futility is a rare occurrence in patient care that is difficult to define; however, there are some classic surgical conditions in which futility is part of the decision process.Published by Elsevier Inc.

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