• Piyameth Dilokthornsakul, Gina Moore, Jonathan D Campbell, Robert Lodge, Cathy Traugott, Judy Zerzan, Richard Allen, and Robert L Page.
• Center for Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado; Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand. Electronic address: piyamethd@gmail.com.
• J Pain. 2016 Apr 1; 17 (4): 436-43.

UnlabelledThis study aims to determine risk factors of opioid overdose among the Colorado Medicaid population. A retrospective nested case-control study was undertaken. Medicaid beneficiaries who had ≥1 medical claim for an emergency department visit or a hospitalization associated with an opioid overdose from July 2009 to June 2014 were defined as cases. Controls were selected using a nearest neighbor matching without replacement. The matched controls were selected on the basis of age, sex, and opioid prescription. One case was matched with three controls. Multivariate conditional logistic regression was used to compare risk factors. A total of 816 cases with 2,448 controls were included. Six factors were associated with opioid overdose: mean morphine dose equivalent (>50 mg/d; odds ratio [OR] = 1.986 [95% confidence interval [CI], 1.509-2.614]), methadone use (switching opioid to methadone vs. no methadone use; OR = 7.230 [95% CI, 2.346-22.286]), drug/alcohol abuse (OR = 3.104 [95% CI, 2.195-4.388]), other psychiatric illness (OR = 1.730 [95% CI, 1.307-2.291]), benzodiazepine use (OR = 2.005 [95% CI, 1.516-2.652]), and the number of pharmacies used by the beneficiary (≥4 pharmacies vs. 1 pharmacy; OR = 1.514 [95% CI, 1.003-2.286]). In conclusion, several factors are associated with opioid overdose. States and communities should ensure the availability of at-home intranasal naloxone for overdose rescue on the basis of the presence of risk factors.PerspectiveThis article presents the risk factors of opioid overdose among the Colorado Medicaid population. On the basis of study findings, Colorado Medicaid is currently working with physicians, hospitals, and other health system stakeholders to continue to develop policies to identify and assist this subset of our population. One such policy will be to provide at-home intranasal naloxone for overdose rescue.Copyright © 2016 American Pain Society. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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