• M Zimmermann and M Rittmeister.
• Schmerzambulanz Klinik für Anästhesiologie Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie, Johann-Wolfgang-Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/M. M.Zimmermann@em.uni-frankfurt.de
• Orthopade. 2003 Dec 1;32(12):1110-9.

AbstractPostoperative pain management adheres to the principles of a three-step routine according to the WHO recommendations. This routine suggests the combination of a basic non-opioid (step I) with an opioid of low potency (step II) or high potency (step III). Non-opioids are routinely administered prior to an opioid. While i.v. application is the treatment of choice in the immediate postoperative course, a switch to oral pain medication is preferred as early as possible. With oral opioid therapy preference should be given to slow release drugs. Intramuscular application of pain medication has little place in postoperative pain management. In order to lower the need for systemic pain medication, postoperative pain management is supplemented by regional anesthesia administered pre- or intraoperatively. Requirement for pain medication beyond normal or increasing with postoperative time is suggestive of a postsurgical complication. Among the numerous drugs available for postoperative pain management, the physician is advised to confine his selection of pain medication to a limited number in order to gain superior knowledge of effects and side effects of the drugs administered.

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