-
- S J Skehan, D E Malone, N Buckley, S Matsumoto, J Rawlinson, G Ting, D Graham, J Alexander, S Somers, and G W Stevenson.
- Department of Radiology, McMaster University Medical Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. d.malone@st-vincents.ie
- Radiology. 2000 Sep 1;216(3):653-9.
PurposeTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a systematic protocol for sedation and analgesia in interventional radiology.Materials And MethodsNinety-one adult patients underwent 113 abdominal interventional procedures. Fentanyl citrate and midazolam hydrochloride were administered in one to five steps (A, B, C, D, E) until the patient was drowsy and tranquil at the effective loading dose (ELD). Doses per step were as follows: A, fentanyl 1 microg per kilogram of body weight; B, midazolam 0.010-0.035 mg/kg; C, repeat dose in A; D, repeat half the dose in B; and E, midazolam 1-2-mg boluses (maximum, 0.15 mg/kg).ResultsThe ELD was reached in no procedure after step A, in 70 after B, in 23 after C, and in 18 after D. Step E was needed in two procedures. The mean maximum pain score (scale of 0 to 10) was 3.4; pain scores in 85 (75%) procedures were 4 or less (discomforting). Severe pain occurred in seven (6%) procedures. Hypoxia (oxygen saturation < 90%) occurred in 11 (22%) procedures performed in patients breathing room air and four (6%) performed in those breathing supplemental oxygen (P: =.04). All patients responded to supplemental oxygen.ConclusionThis stepwise "ABCDE protocol" allows safe and effective sedation of patients. It is easy to use and may be useful in training radiology residents, staff, and nurses in the techniques of sedation and analgesia. Supplemental oxygen should be used routinely.
Notes
Knowledge, pearl, summary or comment to share?You can also include formatting, links, images and footnotes in your notes
- Simple formatting can be added to notes, such as
*italics*
,_underline_
or**bold**
. - Superscript can be denoted by
<sup>text</sup>
and subscript<sub>text</sub>
. - Numbered or bulleted lists can be created using either numbered lines
1. 2. 3.
, hyphens-
or asterisks*
. - Links can be included with:
[my link to pubmed](http://pubmed.com)
- Images can be included with:
![alt text](https://bestmedicaljournal.com/study_graph.jpg "Image Title Text")
- For footnotes use
[^1](This is a footnote.)
inline. - Or use an inline reference
[^1]
to refer to a longer footnote elseweher in the document[^1]: This is a long footnote.
.