• Panagiotis Kiekkas, Diamanto Aretha, Eleftheria Panteli, George I Baltopoulos, and Kriton S Filos.
• Nursing Department, Highest Technological Educational Institute of Patras, Patras 263-31, Greece. kiekkpan@otenet.gr
• Nurs Crit Care. 2013 May 1;18(3):123-34.

Aims And ObjectivesTo investigate and synthesize the evidence on the incidence and consequences of unplanned extubation (UE) in intensive care unit (ICU) patients, and on risk factors for UE.BackgroundICU patients generally spend considerable time being intubated via the endotracheal route. Non-planned endotracheal tube removal, either deliberate or accidental, may pose significant safety risks for them. As UE is among the most studied critical incidents in the ICU, evaluation and summary of existing findings could provide important implications for clinical practice. SEARCH STRATEGIES, INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: Observational studies published between 1990 and 2012 in English-language journals indexed by Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PubMed, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were searched for studies on UE of critically ill adults. Thirty-three articles were considered eligible for inclusion.ConclusionsUE incidence varies considerably among reports, with self-extubation representing the majority of cases. Agitation, especially when combined with inadequate sedation, and decreased patient surveillance are the major risk factors for UE. Inexperienced personnel and improper tube fixation may also be important, while physical restraint use remains controversial. UE can be followed by serious complications, mainly aspiration, laryngeal oedema and increased risk for pneumonia. Need for re-intubation is a major determinant of patient outcomes. Implementation of educational or quality improvement programs is expected to advance personnel's knowledge about risk factors for UE, promote skills on safe, standardized procedures for patient care and increase compliance with them.Relevance To Clinical PracticeIdentifying risk factors for UE and minimizing UE incidence through appropriate preventive strategies are prerequisites for improving nursing care quality and patient safety in the ICU.© 2012 The Authors. Nursing in Critical Care © 2012 British Association of Critical Care Nurses.

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