• Clare Anderson, Jason P Sullivan, Erin E Flynn-Evans, Brian E Cade, Charles A Czeisler, and Steven W Lockley.
• Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. clare.anderson@monash.edu
• Sleep. 2012 Aug 1;35(8):1137-46.

Study ObjectivesAlthough acute sleep loss during 24- to 30-h extended duration work shifts (EDWS) has been shown to impair the performance of resident physicians, little is known about the effects of cumulative sleep deficiency on performance during residency training. Chronic sleep restriction induces a gradual degradation of neurobehavioral performance and exacerbates the effects of acute sleep loss in the laboratory, yet the extent to which this occurs under real-world conditions is unknown. In this study, the authors quantify the time course of neurobehavioral deterioration due to repeated exposure to EDWS during a 3-week residency rotation.DesignA prospective, repeated-measures, within-subject design.SettingMedical and cardiac intensive care units, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA.ParticipantsThirty-four postgraduate year one resident physicians (23 males; age 28.0 ± 1.83 (standard deviation) years)Measurements And ResultsResidents working a 3-week Q3 schedule (24- to 30-h work shift starts every 3(rd) day), consisting of alternating 24- to 30-h (EDWS) and approximately 8-h shifts, underwent psychomotor vigilance testing before, during, and after each work shift. Mean response time, number of lapses, and slowest 10% of responses were calculated for each test. Residents also maintained daily sleep/wake/work logs. EDWS resulted in cumulative sleep deficiency over the 21-day rotation (6.3 h sleep obtained per day; average 2.3 h sleep obtained per extended shift). Response times deteriorated over a single 24- to 30-h shift (P < 0.0005), and also cumulatively with each successive EDWS: Performance on the fifth and sixth shift was significantly worse than on the first shift (P < 0.01). Controlling for time of day, there was a significant acute (time on shift) and chronic (successive EDWS) interaction on psychomotor vigilance testing response times (P < 0.05).ConclusionsChronic sleep deficiency caused progressive degradation in residents' neurobehavioral performance and exacerbated the effects of acute sleep loss inherent in the 24- to 30-h EDWS that are commonly used in resident schedules.

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